Extreme situations in natural conditions. Extreme situations

10.04.2024

According to rescue services in different countries, about 80% of people in moments of danger fall into a stupor, 10% begin to panic, and only the remaining 10% quickly pull themselves together and act to save themselves. See how a clear understanding of the situation and self-control help a person survive in any, even the wildest conditions.

A 17-year-old girl was one of the passengers on a plane that flew over the Peruvian jungle in 1971. The plane was hit by lightning and it fell apart in the air. Only 15 of the 92 passengers managed to survive the fall, but all except Julian were seriously injured and died before help arrived. She was the only one lucky - the tree crowns softened the blow, and, despite a broken collarbone and torn ligaments in her knee, the girl, fastened to the seat and who fell with him, remained alive. Juliane wandered through the thickets for 9 days, and she managed to reach the river along which a group of local hunters was sailing. They fed her, provided first aid and took her to the hospital. All the time she spent in the countryside, the girl was inspired by the example of her father, who was an experienced extreme sportsman and walked the path from Recife (Brazil) to Lima, the capital of Peru.

A British couple spent 117 days on the open ocean in 1973. The couple went on a trip on their yacht, and for several months everything was fine, but off the coast of New Zealand, the ship was attacked by a whale. The yacht received a hole and began to sink, but Maurice and Marilyn managed to escape on an inflatable raft, taking documents, canned food, a water container, knives and a few other necessary things that came to hand. The food ran out very quickly, and the couple ate plankton and raw fish - they caught it with homemade pin hooks. Almost four months later, they were picked up by North Korean fishermen - by that time both husband and wife were almost completely exhausted, so rescue came at the last minute. The Baileys traveled more than 2,000 km on their raft.

An 11-year-old boy showed an amazing example of endurance and self-control in an extreme situation. The light-engine plane, in which Norman's father and his girlfriend, the pilot, and Norman himself were in, crashed into a mountain at an altitude of 2.6 km and crashed. The father and pilot died on the spot, the girl tried to go down the glacier and fell down. Fortunately, Ollestad Sr. was an experienced extreme sportsman and taught his son survival skills. Norman built some kind of skis found in the mountains and went down safely - it took about 9 hours. As an adult and writer, Norman Ollestad recounted the incident in his book Crazy for the Storm, which became a bestseller.

A traveler from Israel and his friend Kevin were rafting in Bolivia, and they washed up at a waterfall. Both survived the fall, but Kevin almost immediately managed to get ashore, and Yossi was carried down the river. As a result, the 21-year-old guy found himself alone in a wild forest far from civilization. One day he was attacked by a jaguar, but with the help of a torch the young man managed to drive away the beast. Yossi ate berries, bird eggs, and snails. At this time, a rescue group was looking for him, which Kevin assembled immediately after the incident - after 19 days the search was crowned with success. This incident was the subject of one of the stories of the popular Discovery Channel program “I Shouldn’t Have Survived.”

In 1994, a police officer from Italy decided to take part in the Marathon des Sables, a six-day, 250-kilometer race in the Sahara Desert. Caught in a severe sandstorm, he lost direction and ended up getting lost. 39-year-old Mauro did not lose heart, but continued to move - he drank his own urine, and ate snakes and plants that he managed to find in the bed of a dry river. One day Mauro came across an abandoned Muslim shrine where there were bats - he began to catch them and drink their blood. After 5 days he was discovered by a family of nomads. As a result, Mauro Prosperi walked 300 km in 9 days, losing 18 kg during the journey.

The Australian lost almost half his weight during forced wanderings through the deserts of the northern part of the continent. His car broke down, and he set off on foot to the nearest town, but did not know how far away or in what direction it was. He walked day after day, feeding on grasshoppers, frogs and leeches. Then Ricky built himself a shelter from branches and began to wait for help. Luckily for Ricky, it was the rainy season, so he didn't have much trouble getting drinking water. As a result, he was discovered by people from one of the cattle farms located in that area. They described him as a “walking skeleton” - before his adventure, Ricky weighed just over 100kg, and when he was sent to hospital, where he spent six days, his body weight was 48kg.

Two 34-year-old Frenchmen survived for seven weeks in the deepest part of Guiana in 2007, eating frogs, centipedes, turtles and tarantula spiders. The friends, lost in the forest, spent the first three weeks in place, building a shelter - they hoped that they would be found, but then they realized that the dense crowns of trees would not allow them to be seen from the air. Then the guys hit the road in search of the nearest housing. At the end of the journey, when, according to their calculations, there were no more than two days left to go, Gilem became very ill, and Luke went alone to bring help as quickly as possible. Indeed, he soon reached civilization and, together with the rescuers, returned to his partner - the adventure ended happily for both.

A tourist from France survived a fall from a height of about 20 meters, and then spent 11 days in the mountains in north-eastern Spain. A 62-year-old woman fell behind the group and got lost. She tried to go down, but fell into the ravine. She couldn't get out of there, so she had to spend almost two weeks in the wild waiting for help - she ate leaves and drank rainwater. On the 11th day, rescuers spotted a red T-shirt from a helicopter that Teresa had spread on the ground and rescued her.

A 29-year-old ship's cook from Nigeria spent almost three days underwater on a sunken ship. The tug was caught in a storm 30 kilometers from the coast, received severe damage and quickly sank - at that time Okene was in the hold. He groped his way through the compartments and discovered a so-called air bag - a “pocket” that was not filled with water. Harrison was wearing only shorts and was chest-deep in water - he was cold, but he could breathe, and that was the main thing. Harrison Okene prayed every second - the day before his wife sent him the text of one of the psalms via SMS, which he repeated to himself. There was not much oxygen in the air bag, but it was enough until the rescuers arrived, who could not reach the ship immediately due to the storm. The remaining 11 crew members were killed - Harrison Okene was the only survivor.

A 72-year-old Arizona woman survived in the wild for 9 days. On March 31, 2016, an elderly woman went to visit her grandchildren in a hybrid car, but it ran out of charge when she drove through completely deserted areas. Her phone had no network coverage, so she decided to climb higher to call the emergency services, but ended up getting lost. A dog and a cat were traveling with Ann - on April 3, the police, who were already searching, found a car and a cat sitting in it. On April 9, a dog was found along with the inscription “Help” lined with stones. Under one of them was a note from Anne dated April 3rd. On the same day, rescuers first found a makeshift shelter, and a little later, Ann herself.

In the section on the question Give examples of extreme situations in natural conditions and name their causes? given by the author compound the best answer is Natural hazards and disasters by nature
phenomena are divided into types, which, in turn, into types.
Let's consider the classification of these phenomena.
Geophysical include earthquakes, seaquakes and
volcanic eruptions, etc.
Geological, which include landslides, mudflows, landslides and talus,
avalanches (both ground and snow), slope washouts, subsidence
loess rocks, karst phenomena accompanied by the collapse of the earth-
surface, etc.
Meteorological: these include storms (9–11 points), hurricanes (12–
15 points), tornadoes and tornadoes, squalls, vertical vortices, large hail,
showers, heavy snowstorms and snowfall, severe frost and ice, frosts,
heavy fog, extreme heat, dry winds, drought, etc.
Hydrological (sea and river) include typhoons
(tropical cyclones), tsunamis, seaquakes, strong fluctuations in sea level
sea conditions, pressure and intense drift of ice, etc. – sea; flood
water, flood, rain floods, low water levels, early ice-
tav and others - river.
Hydrogeological: low groundwater level; high level
groundwater line, etc.
Natural fires are divided into forest, steppe, peat
(surface) and underground fires of mineral fuels.
Infectious diseases that may be single,
epidemic and pandemic nature (for more details, see section
le "Fundamentals of medical knowledge").
Massive destruction of farm animals and
Stenius.
Let's consider

Answer from Instrumentation[newbie]
An extreme situation is a situation that differs from normal life and is fraught with danger to a person.

Answer from Oleg Tyush[newbie]
change of climatic and geographical conditions; a sharp change in natural conditions; diseases or injuries to the human body requiring extreme medical care; forced autonomous existence.

During the lesson, sixth graders will become familiar with the definitions of “dangerous situation,” “emergency,” and “extreme situation.” Learn the conditions and causes of dangerous situations.

For thousands of years, people have faced a variety of dangers. And now people get injured and die as a result of fires and poisonings at home, criminal situations, transport accidents, and when meeting face to face with nature. In the modern world, the greatest danger to people is posed by human social and man-made activities.

You are well aware that most injuries at home and on vacation are the result of our carelessness, frivolity, or ignorance (Fig. 2). A person’s life and health often depend on his competent and timely actions in dangerous situations. Awareness of this simple truth can be the first step in mastering the art of survival in nature and society.

Rice. 2. Don’t take unnecessary risks ()

Modern Mowgli

You've most likely heard Rudyard Kipling's tale about Mowgli or watched a cartoon based on this wonderful tale. The story of a boy growing up in a wolf pack is amazing. Did you know that in modern times there are also children raised by animals?

For example, in Cambodia in 2007, a woman was found who grew up in the jungle (Fig. 3). A woman came to the village and tried to steal food from a peasant, but was caught red-handed. The owner of the house took the strange, dirty woman to the local police station. The policeman recognized the wild woman as his daughter, who was lost in the jungle in 1988 at the age of eight.

Rochom, that was the name of the forest girl, lived with people for three years, but could not get used to them. She continued to meow, and learned only three words from the Khmer language: “mom,” “dad,” and “stomach hurts.” She liked to crawl more than walk.

Rice. 3. Woman found in the jungle of Cambodia ()

In the spring of 2010, Rochom fled into the jungle, her native and understandable habitat. She was found again in June. The forest woman was washed clean and handed over to a team of Spanish psychologists who teach her the norms of human behavior.

An eight-year-old girl was able to survive in the natural environment, but, being deprived of human communication, she is unlikely to be able to become a full-fledged member of society.

Earlier we mentioned dangerous and emergency situations in the natural environment. What are they? These are situations that arise when a person interacts with the environment.

Dangerous situation- this is an unfavorable environment in which harmful and dangerous factors operate that threaten human health and life.

Extreme situation- this is the direct interaction of a person with a highly complex environment.

Such situations can happen to a person or a group of people in nature: in the forest, in the steppe, in the mountains, in the desert, i.e. in places where there are many dangers and there is nowhere to wait for help.

Conditions for some of these situations may include:

Illness or damage to the human body in the natural environment (colds, migraines, fractures, bruises, poisoning, animal bites, etc.);

Another condition could be:

A sharp deterioration in weather conditions (severe frosts, blizzards, blizzards, extreme heat, drought, etc.);

Forced autonomous, i.e. independent, stay in natural conditions. For example, when a person gets lost in the forest or has an accident.

For example, there are people who are keen on hunting. But there are many dangers in the forest and steppe: a hunter may be attacked by a wild animal; may fall into a trap set by other hunters (Fig. 4); he may be caught by bad weather; a hunter may get lost in the thicket; Old trees that may fall also pose a potential danger. Any of the above situations can become extreme for a person.

Rice. 4. Hunters must be careful not to fall into a trap set by other hunters ()

We can conclude that most dangers are the result of our carelessness or wrong actions, lack of necessary knowledge.

For example:

Provoked the beast to aggression;

Poisoned from berries in the forest;

Left behind the tourist group on the route

Lost orientation in the forest;

Got lost in a cave.

The success of a person’s autonomous survival in natural conditions depends on his knowledge of the characteristics of the climate in which he is located, the characteristics of flora and fauna. You could learn about the features of the flora and fauna of your region in natural history lessons. If a person knows about these features, then he can provide himself with food, get fire, water, build himself a shelter, and protect himself from major dangers at any time of the year.

In geography lessons, you will be taught about climatic zones - vast territories characterized by a certain climate, vegetation, and fauna.

Wolf berries

It just so happens that the term “wolf berries” hides different concepts.

You know that you can't eat wolfberries because many of them are poisonous.

Wolf berries is a collective, popular name for a number of plants, the fruits of most of which have toxic or irritating properties:

Belladonna, wolfberry, raven's eye, brittle buckthorn. All these plants are found in our latitudes, so you should not eat unfamiliar berries, even if they are visually attractive (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Wolf's bast ()

Firstly, wolfberry is one of the popular names for a shrub called wolfberry (other names are wolfberry, wolfberry, daphne).

Bright red wolf bast berries, the size of a pea, sit directly on the branches, 2-3 pieces, like sea buckthorn.

Despite the fact that they look very appetizing, you should never eat them, as they are highly poisonous! However, all parts of the plant are poisonous. Even a small drop of plant juice, if it gets on the skin or mucous membrane of the lips or eyes, causes irritation. If you eat a wolfberry, you will experience a burning sensation, nausea, vomiting, weakness, convulsions may begin, your temperature will rise... Therefore, try not to approach this beautiful bush!

Just please don't treat this plant like an enemy if you are lucky enough to come across it in the forest! It is quite rare and is listed in the Red Book.

What contributes to human survival in nature? There are several factors:

Psychological preparedness. If you are mentally prepared for the possibility that an extreme situation may happen, then when you find yourself in one, you will not be overwhelmed by panic. I think you know that panic is the worst enemy in extreme situations, because it paralyzes a person’s will, and he finally loses the ability to make the right decisions and control his actions.

Physical health (strong muscles, hardening, endurance).

Knowledge of how to behave in such a situation, how to provide yourself with food, water and shelter during a forced autonomous stay.

Necessary equipment: matches, knife, bandage, bactericidal patch, special clothing, food supply.

Survival training

If you are interested in survival techniques, you can ask your parents to enroll you in a survival training camp during the summer holidays.

In such camps (the length of stay in them varies from 14 days to a month) you will learn how to make a fire without matches and arrange an overnight stay. You will learn how to find food and water in an extreme situation, how to provide first aid (Fig. 6).

This knowledge will undoubtedly be useful to you, just as it was useful to Denis from Kostroma. He had been hiking since he was 8 years old and had basic survival skills. On one of the campaigns it happened that he was cut off from his group. While crossing the mountain range, a rockfall began. The group had to split into two parts. Denis, along with a wounded comrade, was left alone in the mountains. The rest of the group rushed for help. While rescuers tried to clear the mountain path of stones, Denis provided first aid to his injured comrade and found shelter to protect himself from another rockfall. Thus, the guy helped himself and his friend.

Rice. 6. Survival camp training ()

Knowledge of the basics of survival in the forest may also be useful to you. And in the survival training camp you will have the opportunity to learn a lot of new things about natural phenomena, useful plants, and the animal world. And, of course, these are unforgettable impressions, communication with peers, interesting events.

Experts give the following advice:

Extreme situations should be avoided whenever possible;

Extreme situations must be avoided;

Do not give in to fear and panic under any circumstances;

To prevent ES, you need to know their causes;

To get out of the ES, you need to know how to act correctly.

Knowledge is one of the most important assets of a person. Having knowledge of how to navigate the terrain without special equipment, how to start a fire in nature, how to get food and water, how to provide first aid and how to build a shelter, you will be able to ensure not only your own survival, but also help others in extreme situations .

For example, in the wonderful cartoon “DuckTales,” three brothers, when they found themselves in a difficult situation, always turned to a reference book in which they found answers to all their questions. Your knowledge can become such a reference if you carefully assimilate everything.

Bibliography

Fundamentals of life safety: 6th grade: textbook for educational institutions / M.P. Frolov [et al.], ed. Yu.L. Vorobyova. - Moscow: Astrel, 2013. - 190 pp.: ill.
Life Safety, 6th grade Textbook for general education. institution/Litvinov E.N., Smirnov A.T., Frolov M.P., Vikhoreva T.S. - 1st ed. - M: Publishing house ATS, 1996. - 160 p.
Smirnov A.T., Khrennikov B.O. Fundamentals of life safety. 6th grade. - 2012, 209 p.

Dic.academic.ru ().
YouTube().

Homework

Complete task No. 4 on page 13. Fundamentals of life safety: 6th grade: textbook for educational institutions / M.P. Frolov [et al.], ed. Yu.L. Vorobyova. - Moscow: Astrel, 2013. - 190 pp.: ill.
Imagine that you are going to go on a picnic in the forest. Write down all the dangers that may await you on your journey.
* Find out what edible plants are common in your area. Draw a few of them.

The entire history of human development is the evolution of the use of the natural environment in the process of human life, so his connection with nature has always been the closest. Later, thanks to technological progress, man created an artificial habitat that guaranteed him a safer and more comfortable existence. However, no matter how perfect and automated this comfortable world may be, a person in it always exists only at the expense of nature and its resources, therefore he cannot avoid contact with it, and therefore experience its influence, including in extreme situations .

They can arise as a result of human interaction with the environment and pose a threat to his life, health and property. For example, all kinds of injuries, poisoning by plant and animal poisons, infection with natural focal diseases, mountain sickness, heat stroke and hypothermia, bites of poisonous animals and insects, infectious diseases. A number of extreme situations (cold, heat, hunger, thirst, overwork, environmental poisoning, physical pain), which acquire special significance under certain circumstances, can be classified as environmental. The degree of their adverse effects can be so pronounced that it leads to the development of disease and stress.

Environmental factors contributing to the development or occurrence of extreme situations: air temperature and humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, barometric pressure level, wind, hurricane. These also include terrain, water sources, flora and fauna, photoperiods (polar day and night), and fluctuations in the Earth’s magnetic field.

Factors that provide protective functions that contribute to the normal functioning of people in extreme situations of the natural environment: clothing, emergency equipment, signaling and communication devices, water and food supplies, emergency floats, improvised means used for various purposes.

Depending on the material conditions (equipment, equipment, the presence of emergency stowage) and the characteristics of climatic and geographical conditions, the same situation can have different consequences; say, a forced landing of an airplane in the desert is certainly more extreme than the same landing in the taiga.

Extreme situations usually arise when a person is forced to be at a considerable distance from his habitable place. Depending on professional activity, lifestyle and habits, various extreme situations are possible.

Such a danger is possible primarily for people whose profession is directly related to being in the natural environment. These are not only geologists, archaeologists, hunters, fishermen, but also military personnel, long-haul drivers, agricultural workers, etc. Prerequisites for such situations may be:

A) insufficient qualifications. A heavy truck driver, accustomed to good roads, suddenly found himself on a bad dirt road and his vehicle got stuck. This forces him to seek help from people, to go to a populated area, and for this he needs to be able to navigate the terrain. The situation can be aggravated by perishable or urgent cargo;

b) sudden change in weather conditions. The climber was caught on the way by snow and rain and severe cold. He is forced to change the schedule and the calculated route, so the return time is delayed, which can lead to food shortages and forced starvation. The simplest extreme situation. And if at the end of the route he must be picked up by a helicopter, then bad weather can pose a problem for long-term survival;

V) failure of equipment and vehicles. A tractor driver who finds himself in a car with a stalled engine in a snowy winter, at a temperature of -20-30 ° C, is at risk, since in such conditions the distance in deep snow
5-6 km to the central estate is not easy to overcome. Will there be clothing suitable for walking in the cabin, and most importantly, shoes?

The risk of ending up in an extreme situation increases for people forced to change their usual place of residence. Changes in climatic and geographical conditions can be aggravated by insufficient preparation or equipment of the traveler. This option applies not only to people whose profession requires frequent travel - military personnel, construction workers, but also to ordinary citizens traveling to the south, to the mountains or to other unusual or exotic places.

Less likely, but most dangerous, is a situation of forced autonomy. A person who finds himself alone with nature experiences the influence of not only natural factors (temperature, solar radiation, humidity), but also psychogenic ones - fear of loneliness, stress, which is especially dangerous when it is necessary to act decisively and quickly. The effect of these factors can be so pronounced that it can lead to the development of stress. The danger of a situation of forced autonomy also lies in the fact that any person can be exposed to it in the event of, for example, a transport accident or in the most prosaic situation (loss of orientation in a suburban forest, and there are no matches, no compass, no food supplies at hand).

We must not forget about possible cases when a traveler or tourist using water from untested sources runs the risk of getting poisoned so seriously that it could pose a threat to his life, especially if this happened in a remote area where qualified medical care is not available. It is always necessary to remember about the possible disruption of the ecological balance under human influence, and that more than 70% of water sources have water unsuitable for human consumption.

All of the above leads us to the conclusion that to prevent danger and increase human survival in extreme natural conditions it is necessary:

To achieve advanced training of specialists;

Reduce the degree of risk by improving the reliability of machinery and equipment;

Increase the level of physical development and fitness;

Conduct special training for survival in extreme situations in natural conditions, including preparation of equipment and equipment;

Teach people the correct behavior when forced to change climatic and geographical living conditions.