Nazi experiments on women. Experiments on prisoners in concentration camps

21.07.2022

Serial killers and other maniacs in most cases are inventions of the imagination of screenwriters and directors. But the Third Reich did not like to strain his imagination. Therefore, the Nazis really warmed up on living people.

The terrible experiments of scientists on humanity, ending in death, are far from fiction. These are real events that took place during the Second World War. Why not remember them? Especially since today is Friday the 13th.

Pressure

The German physician Sigmund Rascher was too concerned about the problems that the pilots of the Third Reich could have at an altitude of 20 kilometers. Therefore, he, being the chief doctor in the Dachau concentration camp, created special pressure chambers in which he placed prisoners and experimented with pressure.

After that, the scientist opened the skulls of the victims and examined their brains. 200 people took part in this experiment. 80 died on the surgical table, the rest were shot.

White phosphorus

From November 1941 to January 1944, drugs capable of treating white phosphorus burns were tested on the human body in Buchenwald. It is not known whether the Nazis succeeded in inventing a panacea. But, believe me, these experiments have taken a lot of prisoners' lives.

The food in Buchenwald was not the best. This was especially felt from December 1943 to October 1944. The Nazis mixed various poisons into the products of the prisoners, after which they investigated their effect on the human body. Often such experiments ended with an instant autopsy of the victim after eating. And in September 1944, the Germans got tired of messing with experimental subjects. Therefore, all participants in the experiment were shot.

Sterilization

Carl Clauberg is a German doctor who became famous for his sterilization during World War II. From March 1941 to January 1945, the scientist tried to find a way by which millions of people could be rendered infertile in the shortest possible time.

Klauberg succeeded: the doctor injected the prisoners of Auschwitz, Revensbrück and other concentration camps with iodine and silver nitrate. Although such injections had a lot of side effects (bleeding, pain and cancer), they successfully sterilized a person.

But Clauberg's favorite was radiation exposure: a person was invited to a special cell with a chair, sitting on which he filled out questionnaires. And then the victim just left, not suspecting that she would never be able to have children again. Often such exposures ended in severe radiation burns.

Sea water

The Nazis during the Second World War once again confirmed: sea water is undrinkable. On the territory of the Dachau concentration camp (Germany), the Austrian doctor Hans Eppinger and Professor Wilhelm Beiglbeck decided in July 1944 to check how long 90 gypsies could live without water. The victims of the experiment were so dehydrated that they even licked the freshly washed floor.

Sulfanilamide

Sulfanilamide is a synthetic antimicrobial agent. From July 1942 to September 1943, the Nazis, led by the German professor Gebhard, tried to determine the effectiveness of the drug in the treatment of streptococcus, tetanus and anaerobic gangrene. Who do you think they infected to conduct such experiments?

Mustard gas

Doctors cannot find a way to cure a person from a mustard gas burn unless at least one victim of such a chemical weapon gets on their table. And why look for someone if you can poison and exercise on prisoners from the German Sachsenhausen concentration camp? This is what the minds of the Reich did throughout World War II.

Malaria

SS Hauptsturmführer and MD Kurt Plötner still could not find a cure for malaria. The scientist was not even helped by a thousand prisoners from Dachau, who were forced to take part in his experiments. Victims were infected through the bites of infected mosquitoes and treated with various drugs. More than half of the subjects did not survive.

Doctors have always had a special relationship, they were considered the saviors of mankind. Even in ancient times, healers and healers were revered, believing that they have a special healing power. That is why modern humanity is shocked by the outrageous medical experiments of the Nazis.

The wartime priorities were not only rescue, but also the preservation of the working capacity of people in extreme conditions, the possibility of blood transfusions with different Rh factors, and new drugs were tested. Great importance was given to experiments to combat hypothermia. The German army, which took part in the war on the eastern front, was completely unprepared for the climatic conditions of the northern part of the USSR. A huge number of soldiers and officers received severe frostbite or even died from the winter cold.

Doctors under the direction of Dr. Sigmund Rascher dealt with this problem in the Dachau and Auschwitz concentration camps. Reich Minister Heinrich Himmler personally showed great interest in these experiments (Nazi experiments on people were very similar to atrocities). At a medical conference held in 1942 to study medical problems associated with work in the northern seas and highlands, Dr. Rascher published the results of his experiments on concentration camp prisoners. His experiments concerned two sides - how long a person can stay at low temperatures without dying, and in what ways he can then be reanimated. To answer these questions, thousands of prisoners immersed themselves in icy water in winter or lay naked on stretchers in the cold.

Sigmund Rascher during another experiment

To find out at what body temperature a person dies, young Slavic or Jewish men were immersed naked in a tank with ice water close to "0" degrees. To measure a prisoner's body temperature, the transducer was inserted into the rectum using a probe having an expandable metal ring at the end, which was brought open inside the rectum to hold the transducer firmly in place.

A huge number of victims were needed to find out that death finally occurs when the body temperature drops to 25 degrees. They simulated the hit of German pilots in the waters of the Arctic Ocean. With the help of inhuman experiments, it was found that hypothermia of the occipital lower part of the head contributes to a faster death. This knowledge led to the creation of life jackets with a special headrest that does not allow the head to be immersed in water.

Sigmund Rascher during experiments on hypothermia

To quickly warm the victim, inhuman torture was also used. For example, they tried to warm the frozen ones with ultraviolet lamps, trying to determine the exposure time at which the skin begins to burn. The method of "internal irrigation" was also used. At the same time, water heated to “bubbles” was injected into the stomach, rectum and bladder using probes and a catheter. From such treatment, the victims died all, without exception. The most effective was the method of placing a frozen body in water and gradually heating this water. But a huge number of prisoners died before it was concluded that the heating should be slow enough. At the suggestion of Himmler personally, attempts were made to warm the frozen man with the help of women who warmed the man and copulated with him. This kind of treatment has had some success, but certainly not at critical cooling temperatures….

Even Dr. Rascher conducted experiments to determine from what maximum height pilots could jump out of an airplane with a parachute and stay alive. He experimented on prisoners, simulating atmospheric pressure at a height of up to 20 thousand meters and the effect of free fall without an oxygen cylinder. Of the 200 experimental prisoners, 70 died. It is terrible that these experiments were completely meaningless and did not give any practical benefit to German aviation.

For the fascist regime, research in the field of genetics was very important. The goal of the fascist doctors was to find evidence of the superiority of the Aryan race over others. A true Aryan had to be athletically built with the correct proportions of the body, be blond and have blue eyes. So that blacks, Hispanics, Jews, gypsies, and at the same time, just homosexuals, in no way could prevent the accession of the chosen race, they were simply destroyed ...

For those entering into marriage, the German leadership demanded that a whole list of conditions be met and full testing be carried out in order to guarantee the racial purity of children born in marriage. The conditions were very harsh, and violations were punishable up to and including the death penalty. No exceptions were made for anyone.

So the lawful wife of the previously mentioned Dr. Z. Rascher was barren, and the couple adopted two children. Later, the Gestapo conducted an investigation and Z. Fischer's wife was executed for this crime. So the killer doctor was punished by those people to whom he was fanatically devoted.

In the book of the journalist O. Erradon “The Black Order. The Pagan Army of the Third Reich” refers to the existence of several programs to preserve the purity of the race. In fascist Germany, “mercy death” was used everywhere on a massive scale - this is a type of euthanasia, the victims of which were disabled children and the mentally ill. All doctors and midwives were required to report newborns with Down syndrome, any physical deformities, cerebral palsy, etc. The parents of such newborns were put under pressure and they had to send their children to "death centers" scattered throughout Germany.

To prove racial superiority, Nazi medical scientists conducted an innumerable number of experiments to measure the skulls of people belonging to various nationalities. The task of scientists was to determine the external signs that distinguish the race of masters, and, accordingly, the ability to detect and correct defects that still happen from time to time. In the cycle of these studies, Dr. Josef Mengele, who was engaged in experiments on twins in Auschwitz, is infamous. He personally screened thousands of incoming prisoners, sorting them into "interesting" or "uninteresting" for his experiments. The "uninteresting" were sent to die in the gas chambers, and the "interesting" had to envy those who found their death so quickly.

Josef Mengele and an employee of the Institute of Anthropology, 1930s

Terrible torture awaited the test subjects. Dr. Mengele was especially interested in pairs of twins. It is known that he conducted experiments on 1,500 pairs of twins, and only 200 pairs survived. Many were killed immediately, in order to conduct a comparative anatomical analysis at autopsy. And in some cases, Mengele instilled various diseases in one of the twins, so that later, after killing both, to look at the difference between healthy and sick.

Much attention was paid to the issue of sterilization. Candidates for this were all people with hereditary physical or mental illnesses, as well as various hereditary pathologies, these included not only blindness and deafness, but also alcoholism. In addition to the victims of sterilization within the country, there was the problem of the population of enslaved countries.

The Nazis were looking for the cheapest and fastest sterilization of a large number of people, which would not lead workers to long-term disability. Research in this area was led by Dr. Carl Clauberg.

Carl Clauberg

In the Auschwitz, Ravensbrück and other concentration camps, thousands of prisoners were exposed to various medical chemicals, surgeries, and radiography. Almost all of them became disabled and lost the opportunity to procreate. As a chemical treatment, injections of iodine and silver nitrate were used, which were indeed very effective, but caused many side effects, among others, cervical cancer, severe pain in the abdomen, and vaginal bleeding.

More "profitable" was the method of radiation exposure of experimental subjects. It turned out that a small dose of X-rays can provoke infertility in the human body, sperm ceases to be produced in men, and eggs are not produced in the body of women. The result of this series of experiments was a radioactive overdose and even radioactive burns of many prisoners.

From the winter of 1943 to the autumn of 1944, experiments were carried out in the Buchenwald concentration camp on the effects of various poisons on the human body. They were mixed into the food of the prisoners and watched the reaction. Some victims were allowed to die, some were killed by the guards at various stages of poisoning, which made it possible to conduct an autopsy and follow how the poison gradually spreads and affects the body. In the same camp, searches were made for a vaccine against the bacteria of typhus, yellow fever, diphtheria, smallpox, for which the prisoners were first vaccinated with experimental vaccines, and then infected with the disease.

The Third Reich is the most mysterious empire of the 20th century. Until now, humanity shudders to comprehend the secrets of the greatest criminal adventure of all time. We have collected for you the most mysterious experiments of scientists of the Third Reich.

Some of these experiments are so horrifying that sometimes just the thought that crosses our minds about them sends goosebumps.

It is hard to believe that there were such people who did not put the lives of other people in a penny, laughed at their suffering, cripple the fate of entire families, killed children.

Thank God that in our time there are those who can protect us from the modern manifestation of this cruelty, if you support this, we are waiting for your comment.

Along with the design of nuclear weapons, research and experiments were conducted in the Third Reich on animals and humans as a biological unit. Namely, Nazi experiments were conducted on people, their endurance of the nervous system and physical capabilities.

Doctors under the direction of Dr. Sigmund Rascher dealt with this problem in the Dachau and Auschwitz concentration camps. Reich Minister Heinrich Himmler personally showed great interest in these experiments (the Nazi experiments on people were very similar to the atrocities of the Japanese detachment 731). At a medical conference held in 1942 to study medical problems associated with work in the northern seas and highlands, Dr. Rascher published the results of his experiments on concentration camp prisoners. His experiments concerned two sides - how long a person can stay at low temperatures without dying, and in what ways he can then be reanimated. To answer these questions, thousands of prisoners immersed themselves in icy water in winter or lay naked on stretchers in the cold.

Sigmund Rascher during experiments on hypothermia

Buchenwald prisoners were also experimented with incendiary mixtures, trying to find a way to treat soldiers who received phosphorus burns from bomb explosions. Truly horrific were the experiments with homosexuals. The regime considered non-traditional sexual orientation a disease and doctors looked for ways to treat it. For the experiments, not only homosexuals were involved, but also men of a traditional orientation. Castration, removal of the penis, and transplantation of the genital organs were used as treatment. A certain Dr. Vaernet tried to treat homosexuality with the help of his invention - an artificially created "gland" that was implanted in prisoners and which was supposed to supply male hormones to the body. It is clear that all these experiments did not bring results.

From the beginning of 1942 to the middle of 1945, in the Dachau concentration camp, German doctors under the leadership of Kurt Pletner conducted research to create a method of treating malaria. For the experiment, physically healthy people were selected and infected with not only malarial mosquitoes, but also by introducing sporozoans isolated from mosquitoes. For treatment, quinine, drugs such as antipyrine, pyryramidone, as well as a special experimental drug "2516-Bering" were used. As a result of the experiments, about 40 people died directly from malaria, and more than 400 died from complications after the disease or from excessive doses of medicines.

During 1942-1943, in the Ravensbrück concentration camp, the effect of antibacterial drugs was tested on the prisoners. Prisoners were deliberately shot and then infected with anaerobic gangrene, tetanus, and streptococcus bacteria. To complicate the experiment, crushed glass and metal or wood shavings were also poured into the wound. The resulting inflammation was treated with sulfanilamide and other drugs, determining their effectiveness.

In the same camp, experiments were carried out in transplantology and traumatology. Intentionally mutilating the bones of people, doctors cut out sections of the skin and muscle cover to the bone, so that it would be more convenient to observe the healing process of bone tissue. They also cut off the limbs of some test subjects and tried to sew them on to others. The Nazi medical experiments were led by Karl Franz Gebhardt.

At the Nuremberg Trials, which took place after the end of the Second World War, twenty doctors were put on trial. The investigation showed that they were, at their core, real serial maniacs. Seven of them were sentenced to death, five received life sentences, four were acquitted, and four more doctors were sentenced to prison terms ranging from ten to twenty years in prison. Unfortunately, not everyone involved in inhuman experiments suffered retribution. Many of them remained at large and lived a long life, unlike their victims.

It is known that Nazi doctors conducted numerous experiments on prisoners of war, prisoners of concentration camps. These were both men and women. Experiments were even carried out on the Germans.

Experiments on prisoners in concentration camps are known for their unprecedented cruelty. Such experiments, by the way, were very diverse. The test subjects could be placed in pressure chambers, and then different altitude regimes were tested on them. This was done until the moment when people stopped breathing.

Also, experiments on prisoners in concentration camps were carried out in other forms. People were injected with lethal doses of germs of hepatitis, typhoid. They were also subjected to freezing experiments in very cold water.

Nazi Germany is notorious for the horrors in the concentration camps.

The horror of the Nazi camp system was terror and arbitrariness.

Scientific research was organized on a large scale.

People were taken out naked into the cold until they froze.

They also tested the effect of poisoned bullets, mustard gas.

In the women's concentration camp Ravensbrück, hundreds of Polish girls were wounded and driven to gangrene.

Others were "experimented" in bone grafting.

In Buchenwald, gypsies were selected and tested for how long and how a person can live on salt water.

In many camps experiments on sterilization of men and women were widely carried out.

The possibility of maintaining the working capacity of people under conditions of excessive loads has been actively investigated.

New drugs were also tested.

Experiments with malaria.

There were also experiments with mustard gas.

Anastasia Spirina 13.04.2016

Doctors of the Third Reich
What experiments were performed on the prisoners of the Nazi concentration camps for the sake of scientific discoveries

On the ninth of December 1946, the so-called. Nuremberg trials in the case of doctors. On the dock- doctors and lawyers who performed medical experiments on prisoners in SS labor camps. On August 20, 1947, the court ruled: 16 out of 23 people were found guilty, seven of them were sentenced to death. The indictment refers to "crimes that included murder, atrocities, cruelty, torture and other inhuman acts."

Anastasia Spirina went through the SS archives and found out what exactly the Nazi doctors were convicted of.

Letter

From a letter from former prisoner W. Kling dated April 4, 1947 to Fraulein Frowein, sister of SS Obersturmführer Ernst Frowein, who from July 1942 to March 1943. was in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp deputy first camp doctor, and later- SS Hauptsturmführer and adjutant of the imperial medical leader Conti.

“The fact that my brother was an SS man is not his fault, he was dragged in. He was a good German and wanted to do his duty. But he could never consider it his duty to participate in these crimes, which we have only now learned about.”

I believe in the sincerity of your horror and in the no less sincerity of your indignation. From the point of view of real facts, it should be stated: it is undoubtedly true that your brother from the Hitler Youth organization, in which he was an activist, was “drawn” into the SS. The assertion of his "innocence" would only be true if it happened against his will. But this, of course, was not the case. Your brother was a "National Socialist". Subjectively, he was not an opportunist, but, on the contrary, he was convinced, of course, of the correctness of his ideas and actions. He thought and acted the way hundreds of thousands of people of his generation and his background thought and acted in Germany.”…” He was a good surgeon and loved his specialty. He also possessed a quality that in Germany- due to its rarity among uniform wearers- called "civic courage". “…”

I read in his eyes and heard from his lips that the impression these people made on him first made him confused. All of them were more intelligent, treated each other more comradely, often in a terribly difficult situation showed themselves to be more courageous than the drunkards around him.- SS men. “…” In the prisoner he saw- “in private”- “good fellow”.”…” It was clear that beyond this line, SS officer Frowine, devoted to his “Fuhrer” and his leaders, would discard delicacy. Here came the splitting of consciousness.”…”

Who put on the SS uniform, he signed up as a criminal. He hid and strangled everything human that was once in him. For Obersturmführer Frowine, this unpleasant side of his activity was just a “duty”. It was the duty of not only the “good”, but also the “best” German, for the latter was in the SS.

Fight against infectious diseases

“Since animal testing does not provide a sufficiently complete estimate, experiments must be carried out on humans.”

In October 1941, block 46 was created in Buchenwald with the name “Testing station for typhus. Department for the Study of Typhus and Viruses" under the direction of the Institute for Hygiene of the SS Troops in Berlin. Between 1942 and 1945 more than 1000 prisoners were used for these experiments, not only from the Buchenwald camp, but also from other places. Prior to arriving at Block 46, no one knew that they would become test subjects. Selection for experiments was carried out according to the application sent to the office of the camp commandant, and the execution was handed over to the camp doctor.

Block 46 was not only a place for experiments, but, in fact, a factory for the production of vaccines against typhoid and typhus. Bacterial cultures were needed to make vaccines against typhus. However, this was not absolutely necessary, since in institutes such experiments are carried out without growing the cultures of bacteria themselves (researchers find typhoid patients from whom blood can be taken for research). Here it was completely different. In order to keep the bacteria in an active state, in order to constantly have a biological poison for subsequent injections,Rickettsia cultures were transferredfrom a sick person to a healthy one by intravenous injections of infected blood. In this way, twelve different cultures of bacteria were preserved there, designated by the initial letters Bu- Buchenwald, and go from "Buchenwald 1" to "Buchenwald 12". Four to six people were infected in this way every month, and most of them died as a result of this infection.

The vaccines used by the German army were not only produced in block 46, but were obtained from Italy, Denmark, Romania, France and Poland. Healthy prisoners, whose physical condition through special nutrition was brought to the physical level of a Wehrmacht soldier, were used to determine the effectiveness of various typhus vaccines. All experimental persons were divided into control and experimental objects. The experimental subjects were vaccinated, while the control subjects, on the contrary, were not vaccinated. Then, according to the corresponding experiment, all objects were subjected to the introduction of typhoid bacilli in various ways: they were injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously and by scarification. The infectious dose was determined, which could cause infection in the experimental subject.

In block 46 there were large boards where tables were kept, on which the results of a series of experiments with various vaccines and temperature curves were entered, according to which it was possible to trace how the disease developed and how much the vaccine could contain its development. Each had a medical history.

After fourteen days (the maximum incubation period), people from the control group died. Prisoners who received different vaccines died at different times, depending on the quality of the vaccines themselves. As soon as the experiment could be considered completed, the survivors, in accordance with the tradition of block 46, were liquidated by the usual method of liquidation in the Buchenwald camp.- by injection 10 cm³ phenol in the region of the heart.

In Auschwitz, experiments were carried out to determine the existence of natural immunity against tuberculosis, the development of vaccines, and chemoprophylaxis was practiced with drugs such as nitroacridine and rutenol (a combination of the first drug with potent arsenic acid). A method such as the creation of an artificial pneumothorax was tried. At Neuegamma, a certain Dr. Kurt Heismeier sought to refute that tuberculosis was an infectious disease, arguing that only an "exhausted" organism was susceptible to such an infection, and most of all the susceptibility was in the "racially inferior organism of the Jews." Two hundred subjects were injected with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the lungs, and twenty Jewish children infected with tuberculosis had their axillary lymph nodes removed for histological examination, leaving disfiguring scars.

The Nazis solved the problem with epidemics of tuberculosis radically: With May 1942 to January 1944 all Poles who were found to have open and incurable, according to the decision of the official commission, forms of tuberculosis were isolated or killed under the pretext of protecting the health of the Germans in Poland.

From about February 1942 to April 1945. Dachau researched treatments for malaria on more than 1,000 prisoners. Healthy prisoners in special rooms were bitten by infected mosquitoes or injected with mosquito salivary gland extract.Dr. Klaus Schilling hoped in this way to create a vaccine against malaria. The antiprotozoal drug Akrikhin was studied.

Similar experiments were carried out with other infectious diseases, such as yellow fever (at Sachsenhausen), smallpox, paratyphoid A and B, cholera and diphtheria.

Industrial concerns of that time took an active part in the experiments. Of these, the German concern IG Farben (one of whose subsidiaries is the now existing pharmaceutical company Bayer) played a special role. Scientific representatives of this concern traveled to concentration camps to test the effectiveness of new types of their products. During the war years, IG Farben also produced tabun, sarin and Zyklon B, which was mainly (about 95%) used for pest control purposes (elimination of lice- carriers of many infectious diseases, the same typhus), but this did not prevent it from being used for destruction in gas chambers.

To help the military

“People who still reject these human experiments, preferring that because of this the valiant German soldiers died from the effects of hypothermia, I regard them as traitors and traitors to the state, and I will not hesitate to name these gentlemen in the appropriate authorities.”

- Reichsführer SS G. Himmler

Experiments for the air force began in May 1941 at Dachau under the auspices of Heinrich Himmler. Nazi doctors considered "military necessity" a sufficient reason for monstrous experiments. They justified their actions by saying that the prisoners were sentenced to death anyway.

Dr. Sigmund Rascher supervised the experiments.

A prisoner during an experiment in a pressure chamber loses consciousness and then dies. Dachau, Germany, 1942

In the first series of experiments on two hundred prisoners, the changes that occur with the body under the influence of low and high atmospheric pressure were studied. Using a hyperbaric chamber, scientists simulated the conditions (temperature and nominal pressure) in which the pilot finds himself when the cockpit was depressurized at altitudes up to 20,000 m. blood in the form of air bubbles. This led to blockage of the vessels of various organs and the development of decompression sickness.

In August 1942, experiments on hypothermia began, caused by the question of rescuing pilots shot down by enemy fire in the icy waters of the North Sea. The experimental persons (about three hundred people) were placed in water with a temperature of +2° up to +12°C in full winter and summer pilot equipment. In one series of experiments, the occipital region (the projection of the brainstem, where the vital centers are located) was outside the water, while in another series of experiments, the occipital region was immersed in water. The temperature in the stomach and rectum was measured electrically. Deaths occurred only if the occipital region was subjected to hypothermia along with the body. When the body temperature during these experiments reached 25 ° C, the subject inevitably died, despite all attempts to save.

There was also the question of the best method of rescuing the supercooled. Several methods have been tried: heating with lamps, irrigating the stomach, bladder and intestines with hot water, etc. The best way turned out to be placing the victim in a hot bath. The experiments were carried out as follows: 30 undressed people were outdoors for 9-14 hours, until the body temperature reached 27-29°C. Then they were placed in a hot bath and, despite partially frostbitten hands and feet, the patient was completely warmed up within no more than one hour. There were no deaths in this series of experiments.

A victim of a Nazi medical experiment is immersed in ice-cold water at the Dachau concentration camp. Dr. Rusher oversees the experiment. Germany, 1942

There was also interest in the method of warming with animal heat (heat of animals or humans). The experimental persons were supercooled in cold water of various temperatures (from +4 to +9°C). Extraction from the water was carried out when the body temperature dropped to 30°C. At this temperature, the subjects were always unconscious. A group of test subjects were placed in a bed between two naked women, who were supposed to cuddle as closely as possible to a chilled person. Then these three persons covered themselves with blankets. It turned out that warming with animal heat proceeded very slowly, but the return of consciousness occurred earlier than with other methods. Once they regained consciousness, people no longer lost it, but quickly assimilated their position and clung closely to naked women. Subjects whose physical condition allowed for sexual contact warmed up noticeably faster, a result comparable to warming up in a hot bath. It was concluded that rewarming severely chilled people with animal heat can only be recommended in cases where no other rewarming options are available, and also for weak individuals who do not tolerate massive heat supply, for example, for infants who are better all are warmed near the mother's body with the addition of warming bottles. Rascher presented the results of his experiments in 1942 at the conference “Medical problems arising at sea and in winter”.

The results obtained during the experiments remain in demand, since the repetition of these experiments is impossible in our time.Dr. John Hayward, an expert in hypothermia, stated: "I don't want to use these results, but there are no others and there won't be others in the ethical world." Hayward himself conducted experiments on volunteers for several years, but he never allowed the body temperature of the participants to fall below 32.2° C. Experiments by Nazi doctors led to a figure of 26.5° C and below.

WITH July to September 1944per 90 gypsy prisonersexperiments were carried out to create methods for desalination of sea water, led by Dr. Hans Eppinger. WITHthe subjects were deprived of all food, they were given only chemically treated sea water according to Eppinger's own method. The experiments caused a severe degree of dehydration and subsequently- organ failure and death within 6-12 days. The gypsies were so deeply dehydrated that some of them licked the floors after they had been washed to get a drop of fresh water.

When Himmler discovered that the cause of death for most SS soldiers on the battlefield was blood loss, he ordered Dr. Rascher to develop a blood coagulant to inject into German soldiers before they went to war. At Dachau, Rascher tested his patented coagulant by observing the speed of drops of blood oozing from amputated stumps on living and conscious prisoners.

In addition, an effective and quick method of individual killing of prisoners was developed. At the beginning of 1942, the Germans carried out experiments on the introduction of air into the veins with a syringe. They wanted to determine how much compressed air could be injected into the bloodstream without causing an embolism. Intravenous injections of oil, phenol, chloroform, gasoline, cyanide, and hydrogen peroxide have also been used. Later it was found that death occurred faster if phenol injections were made in the region of the heart.

December 1943 and September-October 1944 distinguished themselves by conducting experiments to study the effect of various poisons. In Buchenwald, poisons were added to prisoners' food, noodles or soup, and the development of a poisoning clinic was observed. were held in Sachsenhausenexperiments on five prisonersdeath with 7.65 mm bullets filled with crystalline aconitine nitrate. Each subject was shot in the upper left thigh. Death occurred 120 minutes after the shot.

Photo of a burn with a phosphorus mass.

The phosphorus-rubber incendiary bombs dropped on Germany inflicted burns on the civilian population and soldiers, the wounds from which did not heal well. For this reason, withNovember 1943 to January 1944 experiments were carried out to test the effectiveness of pharmaceutical preparations in the treatment of burns with phosphorus,which were supposed to ease their scarring. For this experimental subjects were artificially inflicted burns with a phosphorus mass, which was taken from an English incendiary bomb found near Leipzig.

Between September 1939 and April 1945, at different times, experiments were carried out in Sachsenhaus, Natzweiler and other concentration camps to investigate the most effective treatment for wounds caused by mustard gas, also known as mustard gas.

In 1932, IG Farben was tasked with finding a dye (one of the main products produced by the conglomerate) that could act as an antibacterial drug. Such a drug was found- prontosil, the first of the sulfonamides and the first antimicrobial drug before the era of antibiotics. Subsequently, it was tested in experimentsdirector of the Bayer Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology, Gerhard Domagk, who in 1939 received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Photograph of the scarred leg of Ravensbrück survivor, Polish political prisoner Helena Hegier, who was subjected to medical experiments in 1942.

The effectiveness of sulfonamides and other drugs as a treatment for infected wounds was tested on people from July 1942 to September 1943 in the Ravensbrück women's concentration camp.Wounds deliberately inflicted on the test subjects were contaminated with bacteria: streptococci, gas gangrene and tetanus. To avoid the spread of infection, blood vessels were tied off from both edges of the wound. To simulate the wounds received as a result of hostilities, Dr. Herta Oberheuser placed wood chips, dirt, rusty nails, glass fragments in the wounds of the experimental subjects, which significantly worsened the course of the wound and its healing.

Ravensbrück also carried out a series of experiments on bone grafting, muscle and nerve regeneration, futile attempts to transplant limbs and organs from one victim to another.

From W. Kling's letter:

The SS doctors we knew were executioners who discredited the medical profession to the point of impossibility. All of them were cynical killers of a huge mass of people. Rewards and promotions were made according to the number of their victims. There is not a single SS doctor who, while working in concentration camps, received his awards for his actual medical activity. “…”

Who the hell was leading or seducing whom? "Fuhrer", devil or some god?

Is it true that "outside" no one knew about these crimes inside and outside the walls of the camps? The unpretentious truth is that millions of Germans, fathers and mothers, sons and sisters, did not see anything criminal in these crimes. Millions of others understood this quite clearly, but pretended not to know anything,

and they succeeded in this miracle. The same millions are now horrified by the killer of four millions, [to Rudolf]Hess, who calmly declared before the court that he would have destroyed his closest relatives in the gas chamber if he had been ordered.

Sigmund Rascher was captured in 1944 on charges of deceiving the German nation and transferred to Buchenwald, from where he was later transferred to Dachau. There he was shot in the back of the head by an unknown person a day before the camp was liberated by the Allies.

Herta Oberhauer was tried in Nuremberg and sentenced to 12 years in prison for crimes against humanity and war crimes.

Hans Epinger committed suicide a month before the Nuremberg trials.

To be continued

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